白話字

白話字(Pe̍h-ōe-jī)是在台灣有悠久歷史的羅馬字台語文系統,留有非常多文獻,最初由傳教士所創並通行在教會,而後也流傳至民間,至今民間仍有許多白話字的愛用者推行與使用。《台灣府城教會報》(Tâi-oân-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò)是台灣第一份大眾媒體,即是以白話字書寫而成。

系統概要

輔音

塞音(不送氣)塞音(送氣)濁音鼻音擦音邊音
唇音p /p/ph /pʰ/b /b/m /m/
舌尖音t /t/th /tʰ/n /n/l /l/
舌齒音ch /ʦ/chh /ʦʰ/j /ʣ/s /s/
舌根音k /k/kh /kʰ/g /g/ng /ŋ/
喉音h /h/

元音

韻腹aaiaueiiaiauɪəɪɔiuəɔuuauaiueuiŋ̍
台羅aaiaueiiaiauio(io)iuouoaoaioeuimng

注意 o͘ 的省略:

-nn-h-nnh-m-ng-p-k
ə/oooh
iə/ioioioh
ɔonno͘honnhomongopok
(ionn)iongiok

韻尾

/m//n//ŋ//p̚//t̚//k̚//ʔ//◌̃/ (鼻化)/◌̃ʔ/ (鼻化入聲)
白話字mnngptkhhⁿ

聲調

調號123456789
調名陰平陰上陰去陰入陽平陽上陽去陽入輕聲
調號aáàahâǎāa̍hă--◌
調值˥˥ 55˥˩ 51˧˩ 31˧ 30˨˦ 24˧˧ 33˥ 50

調號標示規則

與其他方案主要歧異音節

台羅拼音比較

白話字使用歷史悠久,文獻數量龐大,使用人口多。所以台羅拼音在設計上盡可能容易與白話字互相轉換。

注意轉換後因為母音改變,調號標註位置可能會有所不同。如白話字是 bōe,台羅是 buē

白話字chchhoaoeekenghⁿ◌̆
台羅拼音tstshuaueikingoonnnnh◌̋

與其它方案比較

這四個音節在各方案書寫方式歧異較大,主要原因在於各自選定的基準發音、腔口就不太相同。有的方案重視原音韻體系的一致性,有的方案則傾向標註今日優勢讀音。

台羅拼音白話字方音符號臺灣語假名台語諺文
ik /ik̚/ek /ɪə/ㄧㆻ /ik̚/イェㇰ /ɪɛ/역 /ɪə/
ing //eng /ɪəŋ/ㄧㄥ //イェン /ɪɛŋ/영 /ɪəŋ/
iat /ɪat̚/iat /ɪat̚/ㄧㄚㆵ /ɪat̚/イェッ /ɪɛ/엗 /e/
ian /ɪan/ian /ɪan/ㄧㄢ /ɪɛn/イェヌ /ɪɛn/엔 /en/

Unicode表現

主要問題都在於字母加上調號。由於台羅使用的部分聲調符號在Unicode裡沒有預組版本,必須以字母搭配組合用調號來表示(依照Unicode的規則,新增新的預組字元會影響到正規化安定性,所以已經無法申請加入預組字元。)。尤其是多數字型不太能正常顯示第8調調號,需要使用支援台語的字型。

表中標註有Unicode者表示有預組字元存在,未標註者就必須配合組合用調號使用。

調號23456789
組合用調號◌́ U+0301◌̀ U+0300◌̂ U+0302◌̌ U+030C◌̄ U+0304◌̍ U+030D◌̆ U+0306
小寫
aá U+00E1à U+00E0ahâ U+00E2ǎ U+01CEā U+0101a̍hă U+0103
eé U+00E9è U+00E8ehê U+00EAě U+011Bē U+0113e̍hĕ U+0115
ií U+00EDì U+00ECihî U+00EEǐ U+01D0ī U+012Bi̍hĭ U+012D
oó U+00F3ò U+00F2ohô U+00F4ǒ U+01D2ō U+014Do̍hŏ U+014F
uú U+00FAù U+00F9uhû U+00FBǔ U+01D4ū U+016Bu̍hŭ U+016D
mḿ U+1E3Fmhm̍h
nń U+0144ǹ U+01F9nhň U+0148n̍h
大寫
AÁ U+00C1À U+00C0AHÂ U+00C2Ǎ U+01CDĀ U+0100A̍HĂ U+0102
EÉ U+00C9È U+00C8EHÊ U+00CAĚ U+011AĒ U+0112E̍HĔ U+0114
IÍ U+00CDÌ U+00CCIHÎ U+00CEǏ U+01CFĪ U+012AI̍HĬ U+012C
OÓ U+00D3Ò U+00D2OHÔ U+00D4Ǒ U+01D1Ō U+014CO̍HŎ U+014E
UÚ U+00DAÙ U+00D9UHÛ U+00DBǓ U+01D3Ū U+016AU̍HŬ U+016C
M U+1E3EMHM̍H
NŃ U+0143Ǹ U+01F8NHŇ U+0147N̍H

字母 U+006Fo U+0358◌͘)的處理比較麻煩。例如 ó͘,因為 本身是韻母,理論上的序列是 U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0301◌́,然而根據Unicode正規化的規則,標準分解時U+0358◌͘會排在U+0301◌́後面,且標準組合後,會變成 U+00F3ó U+0301◌́。實務上,因為三種順序都很常用,字型檔最好支援所有序列。

字母理論序列(但不Unicode正規)標準分解 NFD標準組合 NFC
U+006Fo U+0358◌͘
ó͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0301◌́U+006Fo U+0301◌́ U+0358◌͘U+00F3ó U+0358◌͘
ò͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0300◌̀U+006Fo U+0300◌̀ U+0358◌͘U+00F2ò U+0358◌͘
ô͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0302◌̂U+006Fo U+0302◌̂ U+0358◌͘U+00F4ô U+0358◌͘
ǒ͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+030C◌̌U+006Fo U+030C◌̌ U+0358◌͘U+01D2ǒ U+0358◌͘
ō͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0304◌̄U+006Fo U+0304◌̄ U+0358◌͘U+014Dō U+0358◌͘
o̍͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+030D◌̍U+006Fo U+030D◌̍ U+0358◌͘
ŏ͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+0306◌̆U+006Fo U+0306◌̆ U+0358◌͘U+014Fŏ U+0358◌͘
ő͘U+006Fo U+0358◌͘ U+030B◌̋U+006Fo U+030B◌̋ U+0358◌͘U+0151ő U+0358◌͘
U+004FO U+0358◌͘
Ó͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+0301◌́U+004FO U+0301◌́ U+0358◌͘U+00D3Ó U+0358◌͘
Ò͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+0300◌̀U+004FO U+0300◌̀ U+0358◌͘U+00D2Ò U+0358◌͘
Ô͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+0302◌̂U+004FO U+0302◌̂ U+0358◌͘U+00D4Ô U+0358◌͘
Ǒ͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+030C◌̌U+004FO U+030C◌̌ U+0358◌͘U+01D1Ǒ U+0358◌͘
Ō͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+0304◌̄U+004FO U+0304◌̄ U+0358◌͘U+014CŌ U+0358◌͘
O̍͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+030D◌̍U+004FO U+030D◌̍ U+0358◌͘
Ŏ͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+0306◌̆U+004FO U+0306◌̆ U+0358◌͘U+014EŎ U+0358◌͘
Ő͘U+004FO U+0358◌͘ U+030B◌̋U+004FO U+030B◌̋ U+0358◌͘U+0150Ő U+0358◌͘

鼻化母音小寫使用 U+207F,大寫為 U+1D3A

音節表

Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
aahapaphabamatathanalachachhasakakhaganga
ãaⁿhaⁿphaⁿtaⁿthaⁿchaⁿchhaⁿsaⁿkaⁿkhaⁿ
ahhahpahphahbahmahtahthahnahlahchahchhahsahkahkhah
ãʔahⁿhahⁿsahⁿ
amamhamtamthamlamchamchhamsamkamkhamgam
ananhanpanphanbantanthanlanchanchhansankankhangan
anghangpangphangbangtangthanglangchangchhangsangkangkhanggang
ap̚aphaptapthaplapchapchhapsapkapkhap
at̚athatpatphatbattatthatlatchatchhatsatkatkhat
ak̚akhakpakphakbaktakthaklakchakchhaksakkakkhakgak
aihaipaiphaibaimaitaithainailaichaichhaisaikaikhaigaingai
ãɪaiⁿhaiⁿphaiⁿtaiⁿchaiⁿkaiⁿkhaiⁿ
aɪʔaihhaihlaihsaih
auauhaupauphaubaumautauthaunaulauchauchhausaukaukhaugaungau
auʔauhphauhmauhtauhnauhlauhchhauhkauhngauh
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
eehepephebemetethenelechechhesekekhegenge
eⁿheⁿpeⁿpheⁿteⁿtheⁿcheⁿchheⁿseⁿkeⁿkheⁿ
ehhehpehphehbehmehtehthehnehlehchehchhehsehkehkhehgehngeh
ẽʔehⁿhehⁿkhehⁿ
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
iihipiphibimitithinilichichhijisikikhigingi
ĩiⁿhiⁿpiⁿphiⁿtiⁿthiⁿchiⁿchhiⁿsiⁿkiⁿkhiⁿ
ihpihphihbihmihtihthihnihlihchihchhihsihkihkhih
imimhimtimthimlimchimchhimjimsimkimkhimgim
ininhinpinphinbintinthinlinchinchhinjinsinkinkhingin
enghengpengphengbengtengthenglengchengchhengsengkengkhenggeng
ip̚iphiplipchipchhipjipsipkipkhip
it̚ithitpitphitbittitthitlitchitchhitjitsitkitkhit
ik̚/ɪək̚ekhekpekphekbektektheklekchekchhekjeksekkekkhekgek
ɪaiahiamiatianialiachiachhiajiasiakiakhiagiangia
iaⁿhiaⁿpiaⁿphiaⁿtiaⁿthiaⁿchiaⁿchhiaⁿsiaⁿkiaⁿkhiaⁿ
ɪaʔiahhiahpiahphiahtiahthiahliahchiahchhiahjiahsiahkiahkhiahgiah
iãʔiahⁿhiahⁿsiahⁿ
ɪamiamhiamtiamthiamliamchiamchhiamjiamsiamkiamkhiamgiam
ɪan/enianhianpianphianbiantianthianlianchianchhianjiansiankiankhiangian
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
ɪaŋianghiangpiangphiangliangchiangchhiangjiangsiangkiangkhianggiang
ɪap̚iaphiaptiapthiapliapchiapchhiapjiapsiapkiapkhiapgiap
ɪat̚/ɪet̚iathiatpiatphiatbiattiatthiatliatchiatchhiatjiatsiatkiatkhiatgiat
ɪak̚iakpiakphiaktiakchhiaksiakkhiak
ɪauiauhiaupiauphiaubiaumiautiauthiauniauliauchiauchhiaujiausiaukiaukhiaugiaungiau
ɪãuiauⁿ
ɪauʔiauhhiauhkhiauhngiauh
ɪə/ɪoiohiopiophiobiotiothioliochiochhiojiosiokiokhiogio
ɪɔ̃ioⁿhioⁿtioⁿchioⁿchhioⁿsioⁿkioⁿkhioⁿ
ɪəʔ/ɪoʔiohhiohtiohliohchiohchhiohsiohkiohkhiohgioh
ɪɔŋionghiongtiongthiongliongchiongchhiongjiongsiongkiongkhionggiong
ɪɔk̚iokhioktiokthiokliokchiokchhiokjioksiokkiokkhiokgiok
iuiuhiupiubiutiuthiuniuliuchiuchhiujiusiukiukhiugiungiu
iuⁿhiuⁿtiuⁿchiuⁿchhiuⁿsiuⁿkiuⁿkhiuⁿ
iũʔiuhⁿhiuhⁿ
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
ə/oohopophobototholochochhosokokhogo
ɔho͘po͘pho͘bo͘mo͘to͘tho͘no͘lo͘cho͘chho͘so͘ko͘kho͘go͘ngo͘
ɔ̃oⁿhoⁿkoⁿ
əʔ/oʔohhohpohphohbohtohthohlohchohchhohsohkoh
ɔʔo͘hho͘hmo͘hto͘hlo͘hko͘h
ɔ̃ʔohⁿhohⁿ
ɔmomtomsom
ɔŋonghongpongphongbongtongthonglongchongchhongsongkongkhonggong
ɔp̚ophoplopkop
ɔk̚okhokpokphokboktokthoklokchokchhoksokkokkhokgok
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
uuhupuphubututhuluchuchhujusukukhugu
uhpuhphuhbuhtuhthuhluhchuhchhuhsuhkhuh
ununhunpunphunbuntunthunlunchunchhunjunsunkunkhungun
ut̚uthutputphutbuttutthutlutchutchhutsutkutkhut
uaoahoapoaphoaboamoatoathoanoaloachoachhoajoasoakoakhoagoa
oaⁿhoaⁿpoaⁿphoaⁿtoaⁿthoaⁿchoaⁿchhoaⁿsoaⁿkoaⁿkhoaⁿ
uaʔoahhoahpoahphoahboahtoahthoahloahchoahchhoahjoahsoahkoahkhoah
uanoanhoanpoanphoanboantoanthoanloanchoanchhoansoankoankhoangoan
uaŋoanghoangchhoang
uat̚oathoatpoatphoatboattoatthoatloatchoatsoatkoatkhoatgoat
uaioaihoaisoaikoaikhoai
uãioaiⁿhoaiⁿchoaiⁿsoaiⁿkoaiⁿ
uaiʔoaihboaihloaihchhoaihkoaih
uãiʔoaihⁿkoaihⁿ
ueoehoepoephoeboemoetoethoeloechoechhoejoesoekoekhoegoe
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
ueʔoehhoehpoehphoehboehthoehloehchoehchhoehsoehkoehkhoehgoehngoeh
uiuihuipuiphuibuimuituithuiluichuichhuisuikuikhuigui
uiⁿhuiⁿpuiⁿchuiⁿchhuiⁿsuiⁿkuiⁿ
uiʔuihhuihkuih
Øhpbmtnlʦ/ʨʦʰ/ʨʰʣ/ʥs/ɕkgŋ
mhm
m̩ʔmhhmh
ŋ̍nghngpngmngtngthngnngchngchhngsngkngkhng
ŋ̍ʔnghhnghphnghmnghchhnghsnghkhngh

範例